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[Music]

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hello so after all these great talks

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about the chemistry of life or the

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chemistry before life I'm not I feel

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kind of out of fit like a fish out of

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the water

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because I'm gonna talk about

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evolutionary dynamics from an organismal

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approach and what an organismal approach

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is is kind of the main point of my talk

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and the reason is that we understand a

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lot of the material basis of life what

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we even look for biosignatures as the

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detection of oxygen or methane or many

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other molecules but then these all these

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ingredients of life should be arranged

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in a specific manner in order to have

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life in a system point of view and we

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don't have a theory for that but it is

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important because when we study life or

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evolution we are referring to organisms

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we're referring to specific entities and

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this is quite nicely related to what

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happened in math with Corey Vidal

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who basically solve the debate with a

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table over by saying that we cannot

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forget that number theory is about

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numbers and then in biology more or less

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we have the same equivalence with

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Nicolas reshef ski and Rosen who said

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biology is about organisms so the

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problem was that back then and we still

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I don't know what an organism is but we

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practice biology a counting organisms

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counting genes in organisms in cells in

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bacterium exist like we do in Orla but

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we don't yet know what is an organism

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and if we go somewhere outside in

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including earth and try to to describe

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life or living systems we're faced with

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a lot of problems

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and we need a set of tools that we still

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lack or are very primitive irreversible

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thermodynamics information theories of

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organization american emergence

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historical contingency what is a novelty

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non-ironic systems autonomy what is a

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function and then a theory of organisms

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that we don't have and that's a point of

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the talk this is more or less what

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Schrodinger was thinking when he said we

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need new physics but we still don't have

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it as a generally accepted theory so if

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we go and search for life we might find

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three cases three general cases I would

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say there was a final with no life

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there's a planet with life and there's a

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planet with post life I'll call it so

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then a problem is the origins how did

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emerge then extinction that we're not as

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interested but it might be a fundamental

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process as well and certainly is

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happening in earth at some level but if

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we do find life then our best approach

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to study life is evolution evolutionary

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dynamics and we all know that if we have

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this dictum in our brain and so nothing

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biology makes sense even it's not in the

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light of evolution but evolutionary

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theory itself has its own history and it

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is quite detailed but there some major

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advances in this theory that are exactly

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100 years old since Ronald Fisher who

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was the first who formally mathematize

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most of what we think of as population

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genetics so one of our main arguments is

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that all of these equations and

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everything is it is not that they're bad

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math or it is just that they're not

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referred to organisms yet so the theory

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of evolution is more or less like 100

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years of so it is not just because the

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100 is but because they're two people at

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the top who have so much effect in all

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of our community as as a group of

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scientists and this two people in

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science will be Newton and our

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so well this two people wanted to give

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us is scientific happiness because happy

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is who is able to know the causes of

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things and it is someone said this 2,000

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years ago so how do we know the causes

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of things where you have a system a

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natural system then you build a formal

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system that has some assumptions

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internal assumptions and then you decode

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back to the natural systems and they say

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ok my formal system is giving me

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predictions or useful knowledge about

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the natural system so the main framework

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currently is just that you have given

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some initial conditions and then you

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have some below and then you have

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boundary conditions and then that law

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will predict what's gonna happen and

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that's the contemporary view of physics

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in very general terms so if you know

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what's gonna happen here at this level

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out Adams then you know what's gonna

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happen in molecules and so on and so

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forth until you can explain a social

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cultural systems so that's a very gross

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simplification but it is a huge debate

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currently in physics and this is what is

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called awkward conversation you have

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subatomic particles that have some

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causal effects on atomic level and then

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if you see all of the arrows or pointing

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upwards but then very recently and it is

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not a couple of years busy base has been

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going for decades we have George Ellis

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that says construction can happen at at

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both directions of this tree and we have

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evidence of this and we have everything

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in biology about this they grow my great

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book called from matter to life this

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this problem so one example in this many

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examples but the one example is that

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structure dictates function in many

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biological systems and natural selection

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adds at this level and therefore it

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selects out some molecular components

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that are not as good or as fit and there

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are historical components in bio

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a historical contingency and there's so

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much evidence about this in experimental

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populations experimental evolution and

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that's why how old model which said that

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biology is between history and physics

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and that's why we cannot really

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understand very well so we are

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privileged but also we're in trouble

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because historical processes are very

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hard to just explain with entailing Laos

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and physics alone so biologists

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somewhere there in the middle this a

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figure modified but from Mora wits

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original paper and the only framework

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that we have to explain order or

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emergent properties one of the main

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frameworks is used statistical mechanics

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that reduces order to a single scalar

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value but we as biologists have the

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intuition that you cannot just reduce an

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organization at a higher level to a

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scalar value so and the constants of

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things can be explained basically in a

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simple framework that's thousands of

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years old if you have a material cause

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an efficient cause in the formal cost

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the material cost is just kind of the

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ingredients if you want to make a cake

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the efficient cause will be the process

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of transforming these ingredients and

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the cake will be a formal cause or the

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outcome of this process for example this

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is a simple example but in evolution we

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know that it be we can also frame the

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problem in these three causes by saying

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that the material cause is individuals

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in a population and diffusion costs are

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the actual changes of rates of survival

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differential fitness and then the

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optimum is a new generation of

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individuals then you can start over

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again

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and so forth so what's the evolution

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about that's again the question is about

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individuals but individuals are not just

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single particles or care scalars

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individuals are organisms and I guess

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that's a problem that we put a with the

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physicists are not to blame that the car

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is around it because we do make cause or

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on our own way we have these particles

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that are going to a bottleneck and they

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we can these particles as either genes

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phenotypic traits or any other

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particulate that we can identify and

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then from these particles that are

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abstracted from the organism we make

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predictions but we know that that's

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problematic because if the fitness of

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traded tokens is not independent of the

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organism where these tokens are so

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that's why many other people have been

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debating that is organism is Fitness

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what is important and not just the trait

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fitness and we know this if you have

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different mutations in different genetic

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backgrounds then the phenotype will be

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different not as the world type that is

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context dependent so the same happens

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with game theory and many other

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approaches in evolutionary biology that

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you have particles that are competing or

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doing something you have a payoff matrix

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and then you solve the equations and

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then you get the dynamics but you're

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again abstracting the organism and this

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is the practice the current practice we

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have these tokens and they interact some

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way then we get the dynamics so a

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proposal is just very simple and really

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not really revolutionary but it sounds

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strange for some people if we're not

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together this all the time is that we

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need to take in acted on the organisms

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and the environment is a simple proposal

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so our proposal is having a system Oh II

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all being the focal organism even the

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environmental field which is using all

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the things that are not organisms and

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the other organisms and do we need a

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concept for organisms I think we do and

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this is a great review about Matt Farah

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where he basically concludes that we do

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need

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organisms and then other papers have

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been trying to explain what an organism

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is including this that is not very

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sophisticated and physicists will

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criticize because the axes have no

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values all no but there are recent and

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also the environment is not considered

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as I mentioned even so we are trying to

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design minimum bacterial genomes but I

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will ask this in this studies what is

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the environment so are you providing

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with everything that this bacteria needs

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is a minimum media blah blah blah was

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temperature so then the synthesis is

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very simple we have the organism we have

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the environment in their environment can

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be another other organisms but this

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still the question was what is an

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organism well there's this paper in 2015

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that is promising to be a very good

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definition of organism and it's very

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simple you just take in your organism of

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preference all the constraints that are

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present for instance and enzyme is

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constraining a reaction and you can

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represent this in a formal way and then

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you can change different if different

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processes that have constraints on each

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other process but then you still have

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kind of loose ends so the the problem is

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then to close it and this happens

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spontaneously in many systems it's an

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emergent property that sometimes a

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constraint will close the system and

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then just to not draw all the rows and

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all of these symbols we can just

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represent this as a graph that is a

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closed graph you can reach any other

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node from n for any any node so then

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there are other organisms that are also

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interacting and even though this looks

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complicated is the same principle so

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organisms can have constraints in other

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organisms and what we're proposing also

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is that we need to map the Fitness we is

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not sufficient to just design the

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organism but to map the Fitness into

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functional by Darwinian individual so

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how do we do that is just we as we

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assign some parts some constraints just

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metabolic constraints some other

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constraints are involved in reproduction

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and the whole system is the organism if

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you don't have reproduction but you can

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you have organization then you are not

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Darwinian organism reproduction also has

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to be a heritable variation as we know

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and different organisms can cooperate

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and for new entities so that

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the entire system of these two organisms

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is what is closed and then what is the

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function here a function is just each of

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the constraints that participate in the

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system so now this is purely theoretical

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but we can model this because there are

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many frameworks that we can use from

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network theory and from individual based

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models and before we didn't have the

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concept of organisms but now we do now

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we have it so that's what we are going

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to show that are just preliminary

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results and what we are going to have is

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in the individual base model where the

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individual is an organism defined as a

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closure of constraints and we're going

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to call individual processes H processes

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you have an organism that interacts with

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the environment you have three or Step

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alien classes and after you have the

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outcome of this process you can have

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path and this path if you have a

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population that every individual has its

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own path and the entire population will

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have a path scape not olanski because we

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don't know the entire space we don't

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know what's going to happen we don't

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know what will happen so just this is a

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diagram to show the synthesis of the

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framework that we have the tools already

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well developed by many other people

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individual based models spatial models

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or Fitness mapping is something that we

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can also may put in the computer running

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the computer run populations in the

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computer and do again as I said

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individual based models but each

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individual now is an algorithm that

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interacts with the environment so that's

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it I'm just going to take thank all

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[Applause]

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take any questions

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momentum that biologists intent they

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would the mindset would be to rebel

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against the idea of trying to represent

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like a network of creatures as as a

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scalar quantity but in a way isn't that

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what the like representation of an

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organism is it's it's just a scalar

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quantity in the vast web of life is it

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work I mean you could possibly encode a

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network structure in the states of the

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of the network in a scalar value but

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that's not what we usually do in

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statistical mechanics you just have

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different arrangements of a system

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probably you can encode it but that's

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not the fundamental thing the

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fundamental thing is the description

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itself of the organism not being

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described as a particle but as the

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system because life is a system proper

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so you think that statistical modeling

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is like the sorry that's okay I

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apologize we do need to take this

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offline it can we thank our speaker